Languid Langkawi

Languid Langkawi

3 Days of Butterflying on a Tropical Island Paradise


The Helang or Eagle, stands guard at the entry of the harbour at Kuah Town, Langkawi

Think searing blue skies softened by tufts of cloud, white sand beaches washed in clear green seas, wandering water buffaloes in light green paddy fields, and eagles soaring over majestic mountain ridges reaching up into the clouds… and it is easy to understand why Langkawi is popularly known as a tropical paradise.



Pulau Langkawi is the largest island in an archipelago of 99 islands off the mainland coast of northwestern Malaysia and is part of the state of Kedah. Langkawi has a World Geopark status by UNESCO with Machincang Cambrian Geoforest Park, Kilim Karst Geoforest Park and Dayang Bunting Marble Geoforest park (Island of the Pregnant Maiden Lake) being the 3 most popular parks.



That being said, we averted from the touristy areas and banked our chances of encountering rare butterflies on trails less travelled. Our little group of butterfly-philic photographers consisting of Sunny Chir, lepidopterist Khew SK, Bobby Mun and Ellen Tan, were less averse to leech bites than disruptive crowds of excited tourists.

After a short 90 minute flight from Changi Airport, our SilkAir flight landed at the Langkawi International Airport in the early evening. Our car rental driver met us as we emerged from the airport, and he drove us to the nearby Langkasuka hotel where we were staying. Dinner was at a local seafood place at Panti Cenang. Langkawi is also a paradise for alcohol-loving tourists, as a can of Tiger beer costs only RM1.60 (that's about S$0.65 a can!)

Day 1 : Gunung Raya



Our first day saw us up and about early, and the first thing we did was to look for a petrol station to make sure that we don't end up gas-less somewhere in the middle of Langkawi. After orbiting around town, and navigating via the map and road signs, we ended up back at the hotel for breakfast! We soon learnt quickly that you either referred to the map OR the road signs, but not both, otherwise we'll orbit hopelessly around the island.

We headed for Gunung Raya, and the first site we trundled up in our struggling little 3 gear car (Proton Wira Auto has only 3 forward gears) was the 881-metre high Gunung Raya, the tallest natural feature on Langkawi. The mountain is believed to be the cursed form of a giant, known as Mat Raya, who once lived on the island.

Gunung Raya’s peak was persistently shrouded in mist and cloud while we were there and the weather on its winding roads switched as suddenly from sunshine to rain to sunshine as quickly and dramatically as a time lapse recording of seasonal rains in African savannah.

Sunny getting rid of the pesky blood-sucking leeches!

In spite of the erratic weather, Helens abounded in numbers, Chestnut tigers wafted by and there were plenty of butterflies to shoot.

Tanjung Rhu Beach

Just after 1pm at the urging of Ellen's growling tummy, we bade farewell to Gunung Raya and headed towards the Tanjung Rhu Beach. This was an area that I visited some years back in 2001 and also where I recorded the presence of the Leopard Lacewing (Cethosia cyane), which eventually worked its way down the Malay Peninsula and Singapore.

As fate would have it, history appears to repeat itself when our group found another new species of butterfly (a pair of them actually) fluttering around the low wild flowers just a short distance from where I found the first Leopard Lacewing nearly 8 years ago! A quick check with our Malaysian expert, Dr Laurence Kirton, confirmed that this species is new to Malaysia! A special blog article will feature this species shortly.

A languid scene at Tanjung Rhu Beach

The Tanjung Rhu Beach area is very much as I had remembered when I visited it in 2001, and the Lantana, Snakeweed and other wild flowers were blooming! However, probably due to the late hour of the day, there were few butterflies around. So we ended up taking the breathtaking landscape shots of the area. But the discovery of a new taxon for Malaysia made our day as we called it quits and headed back to our hotel.

We drove off to Kuah Town for dinner, and visited some of the more 'touristy' areas of Langkawi.


A serene sunset scene from the main ferry point at Kuah Town

Day 2 : Telaga Tujuh Waterfalls

The next morning, we had breakfast at the hotel and headed out to the nearest of the waterfalls - Telaga Tujuh (or Seven Wells) Waterfalls. The area was at the base of Langkawi's Cable Car attraction. There were also horse-riding and elephant-riding attractions in the area.

The lowland forest trails at the base of the mountains proved to be a good butterfly-hunting ground. Despite the rain-sunshine-rain-sunshine weather again, the group had a relatively satisfying time shooting the many species in the forested areas. Strangely though, there were few of the usual Papilionidae puddlers along the open sandy paths as compared to areas like Endau Rompin or Fraser's Hill.

Day 3 : Telaga Tujuh Waterfalls - Part 2


A group shot of the four intrepid adventurers on Langkawi

On our last day on Langkawi, we decided to do the Telaga Tujuh Waterfall trails again. This time around, the weather was more stable and sunny, and we were able to shoot more species to add to the previous day's tally.

However, the butterflies seem to be more skittish and frustratingly hard to shoot as they enjoy the warmer weather.

We returned to the hotel just after mid-day, and after a quick shower, had lunch at the little restaurant at the hotel again - but not before Bobby and Ellen had their fair share of frolicking in the hotel's swimming pool, whilst the two older fogeys wandered around shooting whatever came across as interesting to shoot.

Some additional points to note :

Always wear your seatbelt (both front and back seats) whenever you're in a car, unless you want to contribute generously to the local constabulary's retirement fund. Also, the speed limit throughout Langkawi is 60 km/h (except for the main highway, where it is 70 km/h). Police roadblocks are frequent and turn up at the most unexpected areas - mostly where unsuspecting tourists are likely to let their guard down, and end up donating to the policemen's charitable cause.

Our SilkAir flight back to Singapore was at 8:40pm and by the time we got back to Changi Airport, tired but generally happy (to leave any ghosts that were supposed to be in the hotel bedroom behind) to have visited one of Malaysia's island paradises that is home to many butterfly species.

Text by Khew SK & Ellen Tan : Photos by Bobby Mun, Ellen Tan, Khew SK & Sunny Chir

Life History of the Pea Blue

Life History of the Pea Blue (Lampides boeticus)



Butterfly Biodata:
Genus: Lampides Hübner, 1819
Species: boeticus Linnaeus, 1767
Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 22mm
Caterpillar Local Host Plants: Crotalaria mucronata (Leguminosae), Crotalaria retusa (Leguminosae)


Uppersides of Pea Blue: female (left); male (right).

Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:

Above, the male is dull purple with two black tornal spots on each hindwing. The female is brown with wing bases pale shining blue. Faint marginal spots and two tornal spots can be found on each hindwing of the female. Beneath, both sexes is buff in colour and have markings comprising white transverse fasciae in the distal halves of the wings. The black tornal spots in spaces 1b and 2 of each hindwing have metallic scalings and are orange-crowned. Each hindwing has a slender white-tipped filamentous tail at the end of vein 2.

An adult Pea Blue resting on a perch in Pulau Ubin (a small granite island).


A male Pea Blue visiting a flower in a wasteland near the Dairy Farm Nature Park.


Another adult Pea Blue visiting flowers.

Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour:

The Pea Blue is one of the most widely distributed lycaenids in the world with its occurrence spanning Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. Due to its utilization of pea spp. as host plants, titis considered as a pest of pea crops in certain places. In Singapore, the Pea Blue can be found in various wasteland and coastal areas on both the main island and offshore islands where its local host plants, Crotalaria spp., are growing. Development of these patches of lands for housing and commercial purposes threaten to shrink its local population. Typically the adults can be observed whole year round, and are typically found flying in the vicinity of its host plants, visiting flowers and puddling on wet grounds. The adults are strong flyers with a jerky and rapid flight.

Early Stages:

The local host plant, Crotalaria mucronata, is shrubby with erect growth. The leaves are 3-foliolate with oval-obovate leaflets. The papilionaceous flowers occur in inflorescences and are yellow with reddish or purplish stripes. Seed pods are initially green but turning brown when mature.The other host plant, Crotalaria retusa, is 1-folioate and its flowers do not have reddish/purplish stripes. The first two instars of the Pea Blue have the habit of boring into flower buds and eating the flower parts contained within. The larger 3rd and final instar caterpillars will move on to eat the developing seeds within seed pods.

Host plants: Crotalaria mucronata (left); Crotalaria retusa (right).


Flower buds: Crotalaria mucronata (left); Crotalaria retusa (right).


Seed pods: Crotalaria mucronata (left); Crotalaria retusa (right).

Eggs of Pea Blue are laid on young shoots, flower buds or leaves of the host plant. The small egg is disc-like (about 0.5mm in diameter) with a depressed micropylar. When freshly laid, the egg is yellowish green. The color soon decolorizes to light green within the next few hours, and then to white as it matures. The surface is covered with a reticulated pattern of intersecting ridges, and the intersections are prominently raised for those lying on the outer rim of the egg.


A mating pair of the Pea Blue.


A female Pea Blue laying an egg on a young flower bud of Crotalaria mucronata.


Two views of an egg of the Pea Blue. Diameter: 0.5mm.

Each egg takes 2-2.5 days to hatch. The young caterpillar emerges after nibbling away sufficiently large portion of the egg shell. Measured at a length of about 0.8mm to 0.9mm, its pale yellow body is cylindrical in shape, sporting moderately long fine setae, a black head capsule and a dark prothoracic shield.


Top: a newly hatched caterpillar about to bore into a flower bud, length: 0.9mm.
Bottom: 1-day old caterpillar, length: 1.1mm.

The newly hatched makes its way to a flower bud and starts to bore into it. It stays within the flower bud and feeds on the flower parts. After 1.5 to 2 days of growth, it reaches about 2mm in length, and faint reddish brown bands appear dorsally and laterally. The moult to the 2nd instar typically takes place within the flower bud.


1st instar caterpillars, late in this stage, length: 2mm.
The body was covered with pollens as both had stayed within flower buds moments earlier.

Covered with numerous dark setae, the body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is pale yellowish brown in base color with reddish brown bands running dorsally and laterally. The head capsule is still black in colour with a dark-colored prothoracic shield. The body is now more woodlouse-like in shape. The 2nd instar caterpillar maintains the habit of boring into flower buds and feeding within them. The growth in this stage brings the caterpillar to a length of about 3.5-4mm, and after about 2 days in this stage, it moults again.


Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 1.8mm.


Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, lengths: 2.5mm.

The 3rd instar caterpillar has numerous short and fine body setae. A faint dorsal band and many obligue lateral stripes are present. As with many lycaenids, Pea Blue exhibits chromatic polymorphism in larval color with the various body markings in green, reddish brown or intermediate coloration. The head capsule is still black but the prothoracic shield has decolorized to the body base color. Both the dorsal nectary organ and the tentacular organs are discernible in this instar. The caterpillar also migrate from eating flower parts to eating developing seeds within seed pods. The 3rd instar takes 2.5-3 days to complete with the body length reaching about 7.5-8.0mm before the next moult.


Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar. green form, length: 6.5mm.


3rd instar caterpillars. red and intermediate forms, length: 8mm.

The 4th (and final) instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 3rd instar caterpillar with one main difference being the change of head capsule from black to pale yellowish brown, and the spiracles from black to pale yellow or white. The nectary organs are rather prominent in this instar as well.


4th instar caterpillars of two colour forms. early in this stage, length: 8mm.


4th instar caterpillars, late in this stage, lengths: 12mm (top); 14mm (bottom).
Both are eating seeds in seed pod.

After 3.5-4 days of growth and reaching a maximum length of around 14-15mm in the final instar, the body of the caterpillar gradually shrinks. The caterpillar ceases eating and wanders around for a pupation site. All bred specimens chose to enter their pre-pupatory phase on a spot of the leaf surface within a pile of withered leaves.. At the chosen site, the caterpillar readies itself for pupation by spinning a silk girdle and a silk pad. In the wild, some caterpillars also choose to pupate within seed pods.


Two views of an immobile pre-pupatory larva of the Pea Blue, red form.
The silk girdle can be easily seen.


Two views of an immobile pre-pupatory larva of the Pea Blue, green form.

Pupation takes place after one day of the pre-pupal stage. The hairy pupa has the typical lycaenid shape, beige in base colour with many black to dark brown patches on the pupal surface. Unlike most other lycaenid pupae, the pupa of Pea Blue does not secure itself with cremastral hooks, and its posterier end does not angle downwards. The pupa has a length of about 9-11mm.


Two views of a pupa of the Pea Blue, length: 11mm

Five days later, the pupa becomes darkened in color signaling the imminent emergence of the adult. Patches of blue can be seen in the wing pads through the now transparent pupa skin. The next day the adult butterfly emerges from the mature pupa.


Two views of a mature pupa of the Pea Blue.

Early stages of the Pea Blue.

Eclosion of a female Pea Blue.

A newly eclosed Pea Blue drying its wings near its empty pupal case.


A newly eclosed Pea Blue ready to take its first flight.


References:

• The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, The Malayan Nature Society.
• A Photographic Monograph on Hong Kong Butterflies, Volumes 1-3, Hong Kong Lepidopterists' Society.

Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Goh Lai Chong, Bobby Mun, Khew S K and Horace Tan

Official Opening of Dairy Farm Nature Park

Official Opening of the Dairy Farm Nature Park
5 Sep 2009


A view of the Dairy Farm Nature Park Visitor Centre

Yesterday, 5 Sep 2009, saw the official opening of yet another environmental offering from the National Parks Board in Singapore. With the opening of the $5.7M Dairy Farm Nature Park and the Wallace Education Centre, Singaporean nature buffs can now enjoy another gateway to the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve via the 63 Ha Dairy Farm Nature Park.

Located on the northern boundary of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, and off Dairy Farm Road, the Visitor Centre of the Dairy Farm Nature Park boasts a small sheltered gathering area and an open landscaped toilet for users of the park. A new carpark with a relatively good number of parking lots will delight drivers who used to park at the Hindhede area. A second carpark off Upper Bukit Timah Road near the MOE Adventure Camp also offers users of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserves another alternative location to start off their nature walks.

Minister Mah delivering his speech

The Dairy Farm Nature Reserve & Wallace Education Centre was officially opened by Minister for National Development, Mr Mah Bow Tan. Received by a sizeable crowd of nature enthusiasts and school children, Minister shared the many new parks and nature offerings from the National Parks Board to the enthused crowd. Amongst the projects will be an interesting concept of creating a new 50m wide nature link between the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Central Catchment Nature Reserve over the Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE). The bridge, 50m wide at its narrowest point and planted with dense trees resembling a forest habitat, could help populations of animals like the critically-endangered banded leaf monkey to recover.



The Wallace Education Centre also serves as a exhibition and learning facility for nature enthusiasts to meet and share their knowledge with others. Converted from an old dairy farm, the building houses two big exhibition halls and some meeting facilities. The building is a nice example of architectural conservation and adaptive re-use of a utilitarian agricultural building.

The spanking new Wallace Education Centre at Dairy Farm Nature Park

At the exhibition on opening day was a chronological history of the area, and some nature dioramas featuring the flora and fauna of the Dairy Farm area. An ecological learning lab converted from an old cowshed offers programmes developed with partners Raffles Girls' School and the National University of Singapore, and sponsored by GlaxoSmith-Kline.

On the school side of the exhibition were booths featuring recycling and nature appreciation from various school participants. One of the booths also featured butterfly appreciation and conservation, and I was amused to note that many of the photos from the Raffles Girls School exhibit were taken from ButterflyCircle members' works (probably without permission! :-p) Anyway, it's for a good cause and our works were used to enhance the girls' mission to promote butterfly conservation.

The Dairy Farm Nature Park also features a number of well-marked trails, one of which celebrates the renowned 19th century naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace who did a lot of work walking the trails and collecting at Bukit Timah Hill and the surrounding area during his time in Singapore.

A special trail is also dedicated to Wallace. Many trails also link to the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the nearby Zhenghua Park.

It was a nice event, and I had the opportunity to meet old friends from MND, NParks, NUS School of Design and Environment, nature enthusiasts and also to make new acquaintances with like-minded people in the nature community in Singapore.

A lost hiker checks out the map of Dairy Farm Nature Park

With the opening of this new facility, nature enthusiasts now have better accessibility and parking amenities to another area of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, and hopefully, alleviate the over-crowded conditions at the Hindhede Road side of the Nature Reserve. ButterflyCircle members now also have another location to conduct butterfly surveys and photography, and perhaps soon add more species to the Singapore Checklist!

Text & Photos by Khew SK

Additional News : NParks opens new Dairy Farm Nature Park to protect biodiversity

Butterfly of the Month - September 2009

Butterfly of the Month - September 2009

The Archduke (Lexias pardalis dirteana)

This month we feature another species that exhibits sexual dimorphism - the Archduke. This species is seasonally common in Singapore's nature reserves, and found mainly on shaded forest paths and amongst undergrowth amongst tall trees. The species is seldom seen in open sunny areas, and is a forest-dependent species.

The Archduke belongs to the genus Lexias which consists of rather large, robust and fast flying butterflies. The Archduke is the commonest species of the genus found in Singapore, often encountered feeding on rotting fruits and other organic matter amongst forest litter.

A female Archduke forages on the ground for nutrients

The males are dark velvety black above with a broad blue distal border on the hindwing, which is continued narrowly along the termen of the forewing. The underside is deep ochreous brown with yellow spots. The larger female is dark brown above, and profusely spotted with yellow above and white on the undersides. The underside of the hindwing is pale grayish green. The apical portion of the antennal club is orange in both sexes and this distinguishes this species from the closely-related and very similar Black-Tipped Archduke (Lexias dirtea merguia).

The female Archduke is a good example of adaptation by natural selection to camouflage itself better to escape predators like birds. Its dark brown and yellow-spotted wings render it almost invisible as it feeds on the forest floor with dappled sunlight. As many observers will attest, the Archdukes tend to fly rapidly from underfoot when disturbed, as one walks towards their favourite feeding spots along damp forest paths littered with dead leaves and twigs. As they land to feed again, they blend in well with their surroundings, particularly more so with the female.

The robust body of the Archduke is an indication of the powerful flight that it is capable of. Once alarmed, the Archduke takes off rapidly with a few wingbeats, and glides amongst the undergrowth. The species is a relatively large butterfly, attaining wingspans of up to 150mm in the larger female.

The caterpillar has a rather unique appearance with branched spines that allows it to camouflage itself well on the upper surface of its host plant, Cratoxylum pruriflorum. The branched spines terminate with attractive orange-and-black tips that make the caterpillar appear unfriendly. However, it is not poisonous at all, and can be touched without any danger.

An Archduke's "baby photo"

In Singapore, there are two lookalikes to the Archduke and may be confused with this species. They are the Black-Tipped Archduke (Lexias dirtea merguia) which has males and females correspondingly similar to the Archduke, except that the antennae of the latter species is black instead of orange. The other species is the Yellow Archduke (Lexias canescens pardalina) in which both the sexes resemble the female of the Archduke, but are smaller in size. All three prefer shaded habitats in the forest understorey in the nature reserves of Singapore.

Text by Khew SK ; Photos by James Foong & Khew SK