HKLS Report of Singapore Field Trip

Hong Kong Lepidopterists Society
Report of Singapore Field Trip by Dr Lee Ping Chung


Brown Awl (Badamia exclamationis) a moderately rare Hesperiidae for Dr Lee's 'collection'!

ButterflyCircle members had earlier played host to a group of members of the Hong Kong Lepidopterists Society who were here in Singapore in early Jun 2011 for a field trip. The blog article by ButterflyCircle member Anthony Wong related his experience of hosting our visitors in Singapore.



This is a reciprocal post is HKLS Council member Dr Lee Ping Chung's first-person account of the group's experiences and additional shots of the Singapore butterflies shot during their trip here. This is an edited and summarised version of Dr Lee's full post with all the members' photos at the new HKLS website! Despite the uncooperative weather in Singapore, the members managed to shoot quite an array of butterflies, include several rare Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae.

A rare Chocolate Sailor (Neptis harita harita) that Dr Lee shot during the trip

Date : 3rd June to 7th June 201
Participants : Dr Lee Ping Chung, Mr Arex Li Siu Hong, Miss Rachel Chan Hoi Sze, Mr Manson Chan Pak Fun, Ms Gigi Lai Yuen Che, Mr Lai Kwai Yin
Prepared by : Dr Lee Ping Chung

Preface



After we saw the new book written by Mr Khew Sin Khoon about Butterflies of Singapore, we were all mesmerized by the content. Mr James Young, our Chairman, contacted Mr. Khew and got a prompt reply. Many thanks to both of them; we started to plan our trip. Though Mr Khew was not available at the time we planned to visit Singapore, he was kind enough to organise the members from the Butterfly Circle to lend a helping hand thus we decided to go ahead and went as planned.


A Tree Yellow (Gandaca harina distanti) puddling. Though common in Singapore, this species does not occur in Hong Kong

The Trip

Day 1 (3rd June)

Manson and Gigi took the afternoon flight to Singapore while the rest of us took the late flight. To stay close to our targeted butterfly spots, we lodged at Sloane Court Hotel, a boutique hotel close to Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. As the butterfly spots are not located at a great distance, we didn’t rent a car but instead took a taxi to get around. There were no activities on the first day.



Day 2 (4th June)

Our hosts, Mark and Anthony Wong of ButterflyCircle had come to meet us early in the morning though the weather forecast was gloomy. We had breakfast at a nearby Food Court. It was still raining after breakfast but we anyway started our trip. We went to Dairy Farm Nature Reserve near Bukit Timah Nature Reserve where we were joined by another two members from ButterflyCircle, Ben Yam and Yao Yang. There was a bicycle trail and many walking trails inside the Reserve. We started by walking along a piece of grassland beside the bicycle trail.


A Peacock Pansy (Junonia almana javana) was the first butterfly to greet us

The first butterfly to greet us was a Peacock Pansy. It looks similar to the one we have in HK though it is another subspecies. With the help of Mr Khew’s book, we identified the species and found that we shot all the Mycalesis in that day except the Malayan Bush Brown which we shot 2 days later. After a short burst of sunshine, it started to rain again. We went back to the entrance for shelter and waited till the rain stopped. Then we started to walk along the Wallace Trail. We were lucky to see a Flos apidanus saturatus in a distance, but no one was able to take a good shot before it flew away. Actually only Arex and I saw it. We did not see any Flos in the rest of our journey. We left after the sky went dark. We had our dinner at Lao Pasat for local delicacies.



Day 3 (5 June)

Since It was raining cats and dogs, we had no idea where to go when our friends from ButterflyCircle came to pick us up. After we had our breakfast in the hotel, we played a board game whilst waiting for better weather. Finally, we decided to go to Oh Chin Huat Hydroponics Butterfly lodge when the rain was not so heavy. This Butterfly Lodge is a private farm set up for educational purpose by Mr Ore Yeok Keong with professional advice from the experienced members of ButterflyCircle. We were glad to meet two more members of ButterflyCircle, Chung Pheng and Ben Yam, there.



After taking some photos at the farm, we went to Upper Seletar Reservoir, North East of the Central Catchment. The weather was still gloomy. We walked around the trails. The first thing I met was a Royal Assyrian, fresh and at eye level but we didn’t got a chance to raise our camera before it flew away. We saw a Common Tree Nymph flying high on the canopy thus we couldn’t take a good photo.


A "lifer" for Dr Lee - the Black Tipped Archduke (Lexias dirtea merguia)


In the forest, we saw the Black Tipped Archduke (Lexias dirtea merguia), an uncommon sight for me. We always see L.pardalis if both are found in the same place. I considered we were very lucky. However, the female did not behave normally, we found them staying on the trees. The most common butterflies we saw there were the Common Caerulean and the Chocolate Pansy.


The Pale Mottle (Logania marmorata damis) a species on the "hit list" of the HKLS members

At the end of the day, we were convinced that we could find the Pale Mottle, so we looked for ants. Finally we were rewarded by our effort, we found three. The only draw back was that they stopped high up on the branches and we did not get a very good shot. We left quite late and had dinner in the famous Rangoon Road Bak Kut Teh, 肉骨茶.

Day 4 (6 June)

It was still raining in the morning of Day 4. After we had breakfast and played board games in the hotel same as the day before, we went to the Botanical Garden when the rain began to lessen. We saw a Common Snow Flat despite the rain. It seems that it was not bothered at all therefore we all got very good shots. We then bet our luck in the Tanglin Core near the Ginger Garden but in vain. We met Horace of ButterflyCircle there and had lunch in a nearby food court.




After lunch, we went to MacRitchie Reservoir Park near the Central Catchment. The weather was still not good thus we did not see many species. The most number of individual species we saw here were the Common Disc Oakblue and the Branded Imperial. We were joined by Mr.Khew who hurried back from Malaysia for dinner in a place call Samy’s Curry@ Dampsy Road which is famous for its Curry Fish Head.

Day 5 (7 June)

The sun finally came out on the last day of our trip. As we had to catch the afternoon flight, we can only revisit a nearby butterfly spot thus we went to the Dairy Farm Nature Reserve again. We saw a Burara sp. perching on the railing once we were at the entrance. The weather was still cool and the railing was too slippery. It flew away before we got ready to shot. Nevertheless, it was a good start. We walked along the way we went on Day 2. It fared better when the sun was out. We got some good shots and went up the Summit track. We did not see many butterflies there. As time was running out, we stayed along the Wallace Trail as long as possible until we had to leave. There is a new Butterfly Garden in Terminal 3 of the Singapore Airport. We shot some more butterflies there and ended our journey with loads of photos



Special Thanks and Conclusion

The hospitality of our ButterflyCircle friends impressed us very much. We were being treated like VIPs! Though the weather was not good during the trip, we enjoyed butterflying and sharing our field trip experience. We have to thank Mr Khew and members of the ButterflyCircle, especially Anthony and Mark who must have been exhausted guiding us around, as well as Yeok Keong of Oh' Farms. We all brought home loads of photos and the book “A field guide to the Butterflies of Singapore” personally signed by Mr Khew. As a conclusion, it was amazing that Singapore got nearly 300 species in such a relative small area and most of the places are easy to reach by public transportation. Moreover, quite a number of the common species and sub-species in Singapore were not found in Hong Kong. Despite the bad weather, the trip was rewarding and memorable. We look forward to go butterflying with our friends of Singapore in Hong Kong and other parts of the world.


Text by Dr Lee Ping Chung ; Photos by Dr Lee Ping Chung, Gigi Lai & Manson Chan


Further Resources :
  • HKLS Website - http://home.hkbutterfly.org/

Life History of the Autumn Leaf

Life History of the Autumn Leaf (Doleschallia bisaltide ?bisaltide var.)



Butterfly Biodata:
Genus: Doleschallia
C. & R. Felder, 1860
Species: bisaltide Cramer, 1777
Subspecies: ?bisaltide var.
Eliot, 2006
Wingspan of Adult Butterfly: 85mm
Caterpillar Local Host Plants: Asystasia gangetica (Acanthaceae)
, Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum (Acanthaceae), Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (Acanthaceae).


An Autumn Leaf puddling on a wet surface.


Another puddling Autumn Leaf giving us a view of its upperside.

Physical Description of Adult Butterfly:
Above, the wings are orange brown but with the forewings broadly darkened at the apex. There are four to five white spots in the black apex of the forewing. An irregular cell-end black streak reaches the black distal margin. Underneath, the wings are greyish brown and marked with various irregular shaped streaks/patches in different colors. The hindwing tornus is protruded into a short tail, and this aids in giving an resting adult butterfly (with wings closed) a leaf-like resemblance.


An Autumn Leaf puddling on damp ground in a wasteland.


A sun-bathing Autumn Leaf perching on a leaf.

Field Observations of Butterfly Behaviour:
This subspecies of D. bisaltide has a dominant presence in Singapore compared to D. bisaltide. pratipa (which is localized to just one small habitat in the north). It has a wide-spread occurrence across multiple habitats, both in and out of the nature reserves, such as urban areas, nature parks and wastelands, swampy forests. This is likely due to the fact the one of its three known local host plants, Asystasia gangetica, is a common weed, and that the other two (Pseuderanthemum spp.) are cultivated and used as ornamental plants. The fast flying adults can be seen taking nectar at flowering shrubs/trees and puddling on damp grounds. According to J.N. Eliot [C&P4 Rev], the origin of this new taxon is unknown but could have reached Singapore and Malaysia by "island-hopping" from Java. Before the researchers could agree on an appropriate subspecies name, it is tentatively referred to as "?bisaltide var.".


An Autumn Leaf perching on the underside of a leaf.


An Autumn Leaf paying a visit to Lantana flowers in a northern park connector.

Early Stages:
The caterpillars of the Autumn Leaf feed mainly on leaves of its host plants. Due to the ubiquitous occurrence of the weed, Asystasia gangetica, it is the host plant of choice commonly utilized by immature stages of Autumn Leaf in Singapore. Indeed, the same weed also serves as larval food source for another two Nymphalid butterflies, the Jacintha Eggfly and Blue Pansy.


Local host plant #1: Asystasia gangetica.


Local host plant #2: Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum.


Local host plant #3: Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum.


A tattered mother Autumn Leaf ovispositing on the leaf underside of Asystasia gangetica.

The eggs of the Autumn Leaf are typically laid in a small group of two to three on the underside of a leaf of the host plant. The creamy white egg is somewhat globular (with a polar axis longer than the equatorial diameter). It has a blunt top with the micropylar sitting in the middle. The surface is marked with very shallow and inconspicuous pits which are roughly hexagonal to rectangular in shape. Each egg has a diameter of about 1mm.


Two views of an egg of the Autumn Leaf, diameter: 1mm.


Two views of a mature egg of the Autumn Leaf. Note the large dark brown head capsule and body setae now clearly visible through the egg shell.

The egg takes about 3 days to hatch. The young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell. The rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched which is 2.5mm in length. It has a cylindrical and pale yellowish body covered with many small tubercles and moderately long black setae (hair). The head capsule is black in colour.


A newly hatched Autumn Leaf caterpillar soon after its emergence.


Two views of a newly hatched 1st instar caterpillar.

The 1st instar caterpillar feeds on the leaf lamina leaves The leaf diet causes the caterpillar to become yellowish green in body colour. The body turns orangy brown towards the end of this instar. After reaching about 6mm in 3-3.5 days, the caterpillar moults to the 2nd instar.


Two views of 1st instar caterpillar, length: 4.8mm.


Two views of 1st instar caterpillar, late in this stage, dormant prior to its moult, length: 6.2mm.

The body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish brown in base color with a strong green undertone. Moderately long dark brown processes, each of endowed is with several short setae, run along the length of the body. On each side of the body, there are three series of such processes: One series occurs dorso-laterally, another lateraly and the last sub-spiracularly. The base of the sub-spiracular processes on abdominal segments 1-8 are yellowish to orangy. The head capsule is black with two cephalic horns. Short white dashes mark the dorsum of almost all body segments. This instar lasts about 2.5-3 days with the body length reaching about 11.5mm.


Two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar, early in this stage, length: 8mm


Two views of a late 2nd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 10.5mm

The 3rd instar caterpillar resembles the 2nd instar caterpillar closely. As growth proceeds in this instar, markings of short white dashes appear dorso-laterally. This instar takes about 2-3 days to complete with body length reaching about 23mm.



Two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar, late in this stage, length: 22.5mm.


Three caterpillars of Autumn Leaf found on Asystasia gangetica in a hill park.


The 4th instar caterpillar closely resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar, but with markings of short white dashes appearing between the base of sub-spiracular processes. The 4th instar lasts 2-3 days with the body length reaching about 35-37mm.


Two views of a 4th instar caterpillar, later in this stage, length: 30mm.


Two views of a late 4th instar caterpillar, dormant before its moult, length: 34mm.

The 5th (and final) instar caterpillar is similar to the 4th instar caterpillar but with all white dashes much bolder and more prominent. An additional band of white dashes appear laterally in this instar. The black head capsule also takes on a bluish to greenish sheen.


A 5th instar caterpillar, newly moulted. Note the exuvia behind the caterpillar.


Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, length: 55mm.


Two views of a 5th instar caterpillar, length: 60mm.


5th instar caterpillars found on Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum in the Southern Ridges..

The 5th instar lasts for 5-6 days, and the body length reaches up to 70mm. On the last 0.5 day, the body becomes shortened and the caterpillar ceases feeding and wanders around. Eventually it stops at a spot on the underside of a leaf or a stem, not necessarily that of the host plant, and spins a silk pad from which it hangs vertically to take on the pre-pupatory pose.


A pre-pupa found on the leaf underside of Asystasia gangetica in a wasteland.


A close-up view of a pre-pupa of the Autumn Leaf.


The pupation event of a Autumn Leaf caterpillar.

Pupation takes place about 0.5 day later. The pupa suspends itself from the silk pad with no supporting silk girdle. It is entirely pale brown with dark brown shadings, more so in the wing pads. Dorsally and dorso-laterally there are a number of regularly-spaced black spots. Black fine lines, on on each side, occur dorso-laterally, The dorsum of the thoracic segments and the ventrum of the posterior abdominal segments are also marked with a dark line. There are two short but pointed cephalic horns. Length of pupae: 29-31mm.


Three views of a pupa of the Autumn Leaf.


A pupa found on the leaf underside of Asystasia gangetica in a neglected corner of a condominium.


Three views of a mature pupa of the Autumn Leaf.

After about 7 days of development, the pupal skin of the mature pupa turns translucent and the whole pupa becomes mostly black at this stage. Now it is possible to see the white spots and orange patches on the forewing upperside. The eclosion event takes place the next day.


The eclosion event of an Autumn Leaf.

Two newly eclosed Autumn Leaf butterflies clinging on to their empty pupal cases.


A newly eclosed Autumn Leaf on a leaf perch.

References:

  • [C&P4] The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, A.S. Corbet and H.M. Pendlebury, 4th Edition, Malayan Nature Society.
  • [C&P4 Rev] Updating The Butterflies of The Malay Peninsula, J.N. Eliot, Malayan Nature Journal, 59(1), p.1-49, 2006.
  • Butterflies of Thailand, Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, 1st Edition, 2006
Text by Horace Tan, Photos by Mark Wong, Loke P F, Anthony Wong, Sunny Chir, Khew S K and Horace Tan